This study is based on field work undertaken in the Spring of 2003 and builds on previous projects undertaken by the World Bank in Mongolia. It assesses the medium-term growth potential of Mongolia’s non-fuel minerals industry and its potential contribution to economic growth, poverty reduction, and regional development. The study evaluates the current state of the mining sector to identify favorable factors for development and potential constraints, review investor perceptions and international case studies of best practice on how to address these constraints, and recommends options for government actions to improve industry management and the investment climate.